Open pit mines are used to exploit low grade, shallow ore bodies. Bureau of mines, devised largely on the basis of rock stability, is as follows. Longitudinal longhole retreat is a branch of the generic mining method known as sublevel stoping. Shrinkage mining was a common stoping method prior to mechanised mining and the introduction of hydraulic fill. Mining method, surface mining, open pit mining, open cast mining, placer.
Backfill practices for sublevel stoping system springerlink. Underground mining in sweden produces annually about 40 million tonnes of ore and rock, the principal mining systems being sublevel caving, sublevel stoping, block caving, open stopes and pillars, and shrinkage stoping. Study on sublevel open stoping with subsequent backfilling. Both methods are well suited to extracting the relatively flat coalbeds or coal seams typical of. Part of the blasted ore will remain in the stope over the production cycle, serving as temporary support. Shrinkage stoping ascending method of mining advantages and disadvantages vertical crater retreat.
Economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel. It finds application only when it is necessary to mine a lens of good ore below a level and it is not practicable or financially possible to do the necessary development to come up from underneath. This method of mining was developed in the late 1960s to take advantage of the then recent development of suitable hydraulic longwall supports, coupled with the productivity and low capital cost of continuous miners and shuttle cars. Another advantage is the improvement in grade due to better control of dilution, as. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel. Unesco eolss sample chapters civil engineering vol. For longitudinal retreat the long axis of the stope is along or parallel to the strike of the orebody. With this method, ore is recovered in horizontal slices starting from the bottom and advancing upward. A wide range of problems facing mining engineers is discussed, namely. Underhand stoping mining method the method of underhand stoping in which the ore is drawn to the level above b, fig. With the advent of recently developed sophisticated and expensive drilling. In effect it gained some of the advantages of longwall mining without the cost of installing. Cutandfill stoping is applicable to the mining of firm ore enclosed within walls, one or both of which are weak and heavy.
When the parameter of the room and pillar is 18m, the underground mining is safe and steady. Mining methods and method selection snu open courseware. Mining methods include a core and shell type, where uphole benching and sub level open stoping is utilised until a mass firing recovers remaining pillars with dry rock fill introduced. It was developed over the years from a method originally known as short hole bench and train mining. Three variations of this mining method are avoca, eureka, and creeping cone. To deal with ground pressures, a vshaped mining sequence is utilized.
Kvhpm department of mining and mine surveying, royal institute of technology, stockholm, sweden received 1 november 1965 atraetthe following article contains a summary of the results obtained by theoretical calculations, model. Introduction the sublevel stoping mining method is usually applied to a relatively steeply dipping, competent ore body, surrounded by competent wall rock. Canickel or the company, is pleased to report that it has successfully implemented long hole stoping mining method and achieved record mine production at its 100% own bucko lake mine, manitoba, canada. Underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st edition. Table stoping operations are planned for the ore zone at to 20 meters thick with dip. Section 10 shrinkage methods mike turner australian. Preliminary study into a mechanized resue mining method. Shrinkage stoping is an overhand mining method that is used for selfsupporting vertical ore bodies. Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to. Sublevel stoping, cut and fill mining and sublevel caving have generally replaced shrinkage mining in australia, europe and canada. The deposits may be tabular in form, dipping at angles steeper than the angle of repose of the broken ore or flatter, if scrapers are employed for moving the ore in the ore passes, or to wide, thick ore bodies or masses. This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in power point format so as to allow customization for the individual needs of course instructors.
Okubo encyclopedia of life support systems eolss surface mining methods and equipment j. The theme is mining in adverse conditions using stateoftheart technology. Long hole stoping as the name suggests uses holes drilled by a production drill to a predetermined pattern as designed by a mining engineer. Geotechnical considerations in underground miningdepartment of industry and resources guideline document no zme723qt 1. It may also be referred to as bench stoping or sublevel benching. Underground mining methods presents the latest principles and techniques in use today. In order to increase productivity and reduce production costs, the company conducted. Breast mining was found to be costly in comparison with downdip mining, which has a good cost performance rating. Slos recovers the ore in the open stopes by drilling and blasting from different levels but ore is removed from one level at the bottom of the mine.
Surface mining can be classified into two groups on the basis of the method of extraction. The overall ratings of the two mining methods are very similar, with downdip mining achieving a rating of 76 and breast mining 75. However, the mining method selection cannot be solely based on these criteria. Chapter 11 mining technology the federal coal leasing amendments act of 1976 charged ota to assess the feasibility of the use of deepmining technology on leased areas. When the parameter of the room and pillar is 18m, the underground. Sublevel stoping requires a midrange ore grade in order to pay for its development. Open pit mining mining methods 5 open pit mines are used to exploit low grade, shallow ore bodies. Tose synopsis resue mining was practiced extensively in the east rand in the first half of this century. Longitudinal longhole retreat queensminedesignwiki.
Classification of underground mining methods mineral production in which all extracting operations are conducted beneath the ground surface is termed underground mining. Underhand cut and fill mining as practiced in three deep. A long hole stoping system for mining narrow platinum reefs advantages of this mining method it allows for a low safety and health risk as well as improved working environment. Stawell is currently mining the golden gift and magdala orebodies. The ore bodies must be made of competent rock, and be surrounded by competent wall rock. Sublevel open stoping originated in the early 1900s in iron ore mines in michigan, usa. Physical work is reduced and it is easier to motivate the workforce.
Underground mining method selection by decision making tools. Caving methods of mining are varied and versatile and involve caving the ore andor the overlying rock. Pillars are left inside the stope to support the roof. In this method, a face of considerable length a long face or wall is maintained, and as the mining. Squareset stoping also involves backfilling mine voids. Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in all corners of the world. A common openstoping method is roomandpillar mining, in which pillars of ore are left standing to support the rock over a flatlying ore body. This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in power point format so as to allow customization for. Generally a large scale open stoping method, it is often referred to as long hole or blast hole stoping. Choosing a suitable underground mining method to extract a mineral deposit is very important in terms of economics, safety and productivity of mining operations.
This method is similar to cut and fill mining with the exception that after being blasted, broken ore is left in the stope where it is used to support the surrounding rock and as a platform from which to work. The uppermost sublevel underneath the cover is partly caved. The broken ore is left in the minedout stope and serves as a support to the stope walls and a working platform for mining the ore above. The second section describes underground mining equipment, with particular focus on excavation machinery such as boomheaders, coal cutters, continuous miners and shearers. Vancouver, british columbia february 7, 2012 canickel mining ltd. Breakeven analysis of mining project ethesis national. Shrinkage stoping is a shorthole mining method which is suitable for steeply dipping orebodies. This mining method is rapidly disappearing in north america because of the high cost of labor. Stoping is used when the country rock is sufficiently strong not to collapse into the stope, although in most cases artificial support is also provided the earliest forms of stoping were conducted with hand tools or by firesetting. The mining method employed is long hole retreat stoping, utilising up and down holes with artificial concrete pillars. A long hole stoping system for mining narrow platinum reefs. This paper discusses the stope parameters of the sublevel subsequent filling stage in daye iron shizishan section. Case study underground mass blast orica mining services. Safe working conditions, ore excavation efficiency and ore dilution are also important characteristics of a selected mining method, which.
The mining method at gf consists mainly of transverse openstope mining where the ore bodies are greater than 10 m in thickness. Main horizontal course or direction of a mineral deposit. Sloane presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree. As in sublevel stoping, vertical slices are removed by longhole drilling and blasting, but, as the slices are extracted, filling is carried. The main advantages of the sequential down dip method are the very low energy release rates, which make backfilling unnecessary, and the allowance for the physical separation of rock transport from men and materials. Ore is produced by drilling and blasting longholes, which can range from 50 mm 2 in. Ore is recovered from each sublevel in a planned sequence of primary and secondary stopes with delayed backfill in a manner to create a stress shadow to avoid high stress. In this method drifts are driven in the ore separated by a slice of ore two or three normal slices high.
The obvious benefits were that a higher grade of ore was trammed to the surface. Underground excavation made by removing ore from surrounding rock. Underground mining method selection by decision making. This method consists in a variety of chambers where the mine blocks are generally cut by sublevels from which long holes are drilled in plans that are generally parallel. Once the economic feasibility has been verified, the most appropriate mining methods must be selected according to the. Economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel stoping method kazem oraee1 and amir houssain bangian2 drilling constitutes an important part of the production process in sublevel stoping method and up to 50% of the total costs can be attributed to this element. Sublevel stoping mining methods are very popular in canadian metal mines since they enable maximum ore recovery due to pillarless mining. Longhole stoping is a highly selective and productive method of mining long hole stoping can cater for varying ore thicknesses and dips 0 90 o. Underhand mining uses cemented mill tailings for backfilling the minedout stope cut, making the mining process in the following cuts safer because the miners are. Jan 21, 2018 it is the best video for understanding how to do sublevel stoping mining method. Figure 4 bighole stoping method atlas copco, 2007 3. Preliminary study into a mechanized resue mining method for.
Underground mining methods are usually employed when the depth of the deposit andor the waste to ore ratio stripping ratio are too great to commence a surface operation. The ore body is developed by a series of sublevels usually spaced at vertical intervals of 18 to 25 or 30 feet more recently, intervals of 50 feet or more have been used. Minedout stopes are hydraulically backfilled with tailings, and. Stawell gold mine sgm is an underground mining operation located in victoria, australia. The broken ore is mucked out by drawpoints or by longitudinal retreat. Shrinkage stoping may be termed a classic mining method, having been perhaps the most popular mining method for mos t of the past century. The purpose of this paper is to describe the methodology used and the proposed new mechanized resue mining method. Transverse stopes are mined from a footwall drive access either on a 30 or 60m sublevel spacing giving consideration to the local rock mass quality and stope shape relationship. The mining rate is greater than 20,000 tonnes per day tpd but is usually much greater. Apr 21, 20 sublevel caving method cost estimation pdf.
In sublevel caving, relatively thin blocks of ore are caused to cave by successively undermining small panels. Vertical crater retreat mining method vcr vertical crater retreat method applies to orebodies with steep dip and competent rock in both ore and host rock. The mining rate includes the mining of both waste and ore. This mining method can be used at a wide range of depths. The disadvantages were slow rates of face advance and an. The sublevels are worked simultaneously, the lowest on a given block being farthest advanced and the subs above following one another at short intervals. A mining method involving overhand, underhand, and shrinkage stoping. In this method, ore is mined in horizontal slices, starting from the bottom to the top of the stope. According to the similar material simulation technology, which is the main means, displacement monitoring and internal stress monitoring, several conclusions are summarized as bellow.
Excavated rock is taken to the surface with gold ore taken to strathalbyn and rock without gold mullock is stored on the surface before being progressively returned to. Sublevel stoping mining methods are generally employed to. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel caving. Engineering economics deals with the methods that enable one to take decision towards minimizing. Oct 22, 2014 sublevel stoping underground mining methods 1. The orebody can be narrow vein such as a gold mine in the witwatersrand, the orebody can be massive similar to the olympic dam mine, south australia, or cadiaridgeway mine, new south wales. Okubo encyclopedia of life support systems eolss is essentially surfacebased. The method is still used in a handful of nonmechanised mines in south america, africa, asia and canada. A collaborative effort by personnel from avgolds target gold mine and sandvik tamrock has resulted in the design of a method of resue mining which can be totally mechanized. Sublevel stoping mining methods are generally employed to extract steeply dipping tabular ore deposits characterized by relatively long strikes and having various thicknesses. Long hole stoping is a highly selective and productive method of mining and can cater for varying ore thicknesses and dips 0 90 degree. The birdinhand gold mine will be developed utilising conventional drill and blast mining methods to progress a tunnel to the ore. The classification of stoping methods adopted by the u. Operational life approximates that of adjacent stoping activity.
Feb 10, 2018 black diamond drilling services australia database. With the passage of the surface mining control and reclamation act of 1977 congressional interest in the study of deep underground mining technology shifted. Case study resue mining with edev electronic tunnelling. Section 10 shrinkage methods mike turner australian mining. The width or size of the orebody is determined by the grade as well as the. Include drill headings, slot raises, openings for personnel access to stope, and ore production and. The mining method selected is determined by the size, shape, orientation and type of orebody to be mined. The situation at the culmination of the stoping sequence st barbara. Mining method selection by integrated ahp and promethee. The selection of the mining method is one of the most crucial decisions in the stage of designing mines. Economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel stoping. Underground mining method selection is one of the most important decisions that mining engineers have to make.